History of Humans Used as Guinea Pigs by US Government and Military

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Dear friends,

Below is a comprehensive list of the use of humans as guinea pigs in biological experiments. Unfortunately, there are no links to confirm the information presented presented. However, having researched this subject quite thoroughly, I can tell you that I have read about almost all of these experiments in reliable books with footnotes providing information on how to verify these facts.

The three books mentioned in the mind control section of our resources list at www.WantToKnow.info/resources#mindcontrol contain most of this information, which you can verify using the relevant footnotes.

Many in the government and military sadly feel no compulsion to inform us of when they use us in experiments. Note that a number of these experiments specifically targeted minorities and those in poor areas. By exposing this information, we can help to build the critical mass necessary to put a stop to all of this. Please help to spread the word.

With very best wishes, Fred Burks for the WantToKnow.info team

History of Experimentation on Human Guinea Pigs

1931 - Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.

1932 - The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been treated.

1935 - The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occurred within poverty-stricken black populations.

1940 - Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.

1942 - Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.

1943 - In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.

1944 - U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.

1945 - Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top
secret government projects in the United States.

1945 - "Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,
it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name of national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine full-scale production of atomic bombs.

1946 - Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word "experiments" to "investigations" or "observations" whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's hospitals.

1947 - Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.

1947 - The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.

1950 - Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and mortality rates.

1950 - In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.

1951 - Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.

1953 - U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.

1953 - Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.

1953 - CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.

1955 - The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.

1956 - U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with yellow fever over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for effects.

1960 - The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.

1965 - Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through the use of mind-altering drugs.

1965 - Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.

1966 - CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.

1966 - U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.

1967 - CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and chemical weapons.

1968 - CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.

1969 - Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.

1970 - Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.

1970 - United States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.

1975 - The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) . It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).

1977 - Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.

1978 - Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.

1981 - First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine.

1985 - According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.

1986 - According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements, except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural
immunity exists.

1986 - A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.

1987 - Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development of biological agents, it continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and universities
around the nation.

1990 - More than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children was experimental.

1994 - With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production
of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.

1994 - Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included
mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War.

1995 - U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare research.

1995 - Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.

1996 - Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to chemical agents.

1997 - Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.

Note: For more information on these important matters, see our two-page mind control summary at http://www.WantToKnow.info/mindcontrol or even better, the information-packed 10-page summary at http://www.WantToKnow.info/mindcontrol10pg. By informing you friends and colleagues of these little-reported facts, you can help to build the critical mass necessary to force the media to give adequate coverage and stop these abuses. Let us work towards ever greater transparency both in government and in our own personal lives.

Thanks for caring.

See our archive of revealing news articles at
http://www.WantToKnow.info/indexnewsarticles

Torturegate Evidence grows of drug use on Detainees

Evidence Grows of Drug Use on Detainees

By Jeff Stein, CQ National Security Editor

There can be little doubt now that the government has used drugs on terrorist suspects that are designed to weaken their resistance to interrogation. All that’s missing is the syringes and videotapes.

Another window opened on the practice last week with the declassification of John Yoo’s instantly infamous 2003 memo approving harsh interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects.

Yoo advised top Bush administration officials that interrogators could employ mind-altering drugs if they did not produce “an extreme effect” calculated to “cause a profound disruption of the senses or personality.”

Yoo had first rationalized the use of drugs in a 2002 memo for top Bush administration officials.

But this latest revelation shows Yoo reiterating conditions on the use of drugs a year later, despite the rising resistance to harsh interrogation techniques by military lawyers and the FBI.

“The new Yoo memo, along with other White House legal memoranda, shows clearly that the policy foundation for the use of interrogational drugs was being laid,” says Stephen Miles, a University of Minnesota bioethicist and author of “Oath Betrayed: Torture, Medical Complicity, and the War on Terror.” “The recent memo on mood-altering drugs does not extend previous work on this area,” he said. “The use of these drugs was anticipated and discussed in the memos of January and February 2002 by DoD, DoJ, and White House counsel using the same language and rationale. The executive branch memos laid a comprehensive and reiterated policy foundation for the use of interrogational drugs.”

“Yes, I believe they have been used,” Jeffrey S. Kaye, a clinical psychologist who works with torture victims at Survivors International in San Francisco, told me.

“I came across some evidence that they were using mind-altering drugs, to regress the prisoners, to ascertain if they were using deception techniques, to break them down,” said Kaye.

Yet the situation remains unclear.

No ‘Truth Serums’

The Pentagon’s use of sedatives to help calm shackled and hooded prisoners during long “rendition” flights from the Middle East to Guantanamo has been widely reported,

But hard evidence that U.S. interrogators today are employing hallucinogens, like the LSD the CIA tested on unwitting subjects for at least 20 years beginning in the 1940s, has yet to surface.

Michael Caruso, the chief federal defender appointed to represent al Qaeda suspect Jose Padilla, asserted in a motion last year that his client “was given drugs against his will, believed to be some form of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or phencyclidine (PCP), to act as a sort of truth serum during his interrogations.”

But he could offer no proof.

It could have been a placebo. A 1963 CIA interrogation manual, code-named KUBARK, advocated the use of placebos, as well as the real thing, on prisoners.

But Michael Gellers, a psychologist with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service at Guantanamo, who had objected to harsh interrogation methods, told me “he never saw anything related to drugs.”

“I never saw that raised as an issue,” he said.

In any case, hallucinogens don’t make subjects “tell the truth.”

“Their function is to cause capitulation, to aid in the shift from resistance to cooperation,” the KUBARK manual explains.

Yet there is tantalizing evidence that the use of such drugs since 9/11 has been, at a minimum, seriously contemplated, if not implemented.

On July 17-18, 2003, for example, the CIA, the RAND Corp. and the American Psychological Association hosted a workshop entitled the “Science of Deception: Integration of Practice and Theory.”

One session focused on the question, “What pharmacological agents are known to affect apparent truth-telling behavior?”
Desperados

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, top Bush administration officials pushed military commanders for intelligence about any other impending attacks, as Philippe Sands, an international lawyer at the firm Matrix Chambers and a professor at University College London, details in a forthcoming piece in Vanity Fair.

Sands demonstrates that the offending interrogations weren’t conducted by a few bad apples, as the White House and Pentagon have long maintained.

They were reacting to pressure from above, to go to “the dark side” and “take the gloves off,” as Vice President Cheney put it.

But they didn’t know how, a December 2006 study by the Intelligence Science Board, a wing of the National Defense Intelligence College in Washington, D.C., suggested.

Under pressure, interrogators started to “‘make it up’ on the fly,” the study said.

“This shortfall in advanced, research-based interrogation methods,” it said, “at a time of intense pressure from operational commanders to produce actionable intelligence from high-value targets may have contributed significantly to the unfortunate cases of abuse that have recently come to light.”

U.S. Army Lt. Col. Diane Beaver, the staff judge advocate at Guantanamo, who tried to throttle the excesses, told Vanity Fair that prison officials and interrogation managers drew inspiration from Jack Bauer, the fictional action-hero of FOX’s counterterror drama, “24,” who uses torture and drugs on terrorists.

“It was hugely popular,” Beaver said. Jack Bauer “gave people lots of ideas.”

Beaver makes no mention of drugs in the piece.

She may not have seen or heard about their use, says Ewe Jacobs, the director of Survivors International, which specializes in the psychological and medical treatment of torture survivors.

“The Guantanamo camps were isolated from one another,” he says.

FBI interrogators and naval investigators, fearing involvement in illegal acts, were told to leave the island.

Professor Miles says, “I suspect that most of the use of interrogational drugs was by CIA and Special Ops interrogators, and thus still remains classified.”

We just don’t know — yet.

The CIA kept its MKULTRA, a mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, and other drug-testing programs secret for more than 20 years.

In the early 1970s, when then-CIA Director Richard Helms got wind of congressional investigators sniffing around, he ordered its records destroyed — a precursor of the agency’s recent destruction of interrogation videotapes.

But it turned out that Helms missed a box.

A disenchanted State Department official, John D. Marks, who had resigned over Vietnam, got hold of the remaining files and produced an astonishing book, “The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control.”

Many more books, some by persons who said they were victims of the mind-altering experiments, were produced.

Few believed them. Their tales sounded looney absent patient records (which Helms had ordered destroyed) of the drug experiments (many carried out in a secret wing of Georgetown University Hospital). {dah, and also here in CANADA!!}

Likewise, few believe Padilla. Even fewer will believe the other prisoners, a number of whom are deranged from prolonged interrogation — if they ever get out.

We may never know the truth.

Jeff Stein can be reached at jstein@cq.com.

Books of note: Human Drug Testing by the CIA

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Description:

Project MKULTRA was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program that began in 1950. The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations." At least one death, that of Dr. Frank Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. This is the final volume of hearings on the CIA's program of human drug testing, which features as its centrepiece the testimony of Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the head of the MKULTRA project and several other related programs.

Keywords:

• Senator Ted Kennedy
• Richard Helms
• MKSEARCH
• Allen Dulles
• Dr. Sidney Gottlieb
• Project ARTICHOKE
• Project BLUEBIRD
• Project CHATTER
• U.S. Senate
• Central Intelligence Agency
• CIA mind control
• MK-Ultra
• Project MKULTRA

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History

Practical Freedom - Freedom Portal Senate MK-Ultra Hearing Report - 1977 Senate hearing on CIA mind control; Jose Silva ESP Ultramind System - Background information on Jose Silva's Ultramind ... www.buildfreedom.com/portal/category.php/233 Advocacy Committee for Human Experimentation Survivors - Mind Control ConceptDraw.com - ConceptDraw Product Line is set of powerful cross-platform tools for easy diagramming, flowcharting, mindmapping, project planning, creating presentations and visualisating your ideas. Controversies - Link portal database to education related, youth activism, libertarian, anarchism, news, links Earth Operations Central Archive - The Government Psychiatric Torture Site Ellabi - Online meditation music and free downloads 'A Feminist Sociologist in Uncharted Territory' by Sara Scott HAARP's Covert Agendas - The Big Picture by John A. Quinn Chuck Hawkins Cult - A Criminally Destructive Mind Control Cult - my six years in a criminally destructive mind control cult Leading Edge IRG - Major Electromagnetic Mind Control Projects Mind Control (Disinformation) Mind Control (Go Network) Mind Control (Yahoo! Directory) Mind Control - Skeptic's Dictionary Mind Control - ParaScope articles and links Mind Control by Harry V. Martin and David Caul Mind Control - Government Research into E.S.P. and Mind Control Mind Control & HAARP Project (Disinformation) Mind Control and Ritual Abuse (Open Directory) Mind Control and the Secret State by Daniel Brandt Mind Control Forum Home Page - Archive of stories from victims of mind-control 'Mind Control Slavery and the New World Order' - Nexus Magazine Mind Control Survivor Reports - Reports of victims of mind control providing details regarding how the mind is programmed and how that programming is later exploited. Mind Power Training System - offers the latest mind power system designed to help people reach success, wealth, happiness, and health by activating the subconscious power of the mind through mind control and intuition. Mindcontrol-l Archives - Mailing covering covers mind control and psyops My Psychic Reading with Ultra Mind Control by Jose Silva - The great Psychic Jose Silva has developed unique techniques to teach you psychic reading abilities to help you get in touch with your power within. Overcoming The Bondage Of Victimization - Critical Evaluation of Mind Control Power of Self Mind Control - The Power of Self Mind Control is about enriching your life, and achieving your goals, by taking control of your own mind. When you develop the power of your mind you control health, faith, peace of mind, courage, forgiveness, and success. Senate MK-Ultra Hearing Report - 1977 Senate hearing on CIA mind control Jose Silva ESP Ultramind System - Background information on Jose Silva's Ultramind System. Information about his background and the benefits promised by his system. Silva Mind Control - Jose Silva, founder of the silva mind control method. Background information on his life and research on mental health. Seminar calendars and registration, information on his latest home study course. Southwestern Institute of NLP - Jeisyn Murphy teaches NLP techniques to professionals and individuals on site or through trainings at the SW Institute of NLP in Austin, Texas. 'Trance Formation of America' - About the MK-Ultra Project Monarch Understanding Cult Mind Control by Steven A. Hassan Dr. Louis Jolyon West - UCLA Mind Control Psychiatrist What is Mind Control? - FACTNet David Allen White Foundation - Classified information on God, David Allen White, mind control, the "supernatural," and contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.

See also:

Assassination Bicameral Mind (Julian Jaynes) Brainwashing & Cults Conspiracy Theory Deprogramming John Taylor Gatto Neuro-Linguistic Programming Secret Societies