History of Humans Used as Guinea Pigs by US Government and Military

This message is available online at
http://www.WantToKnow.info/humanguineapigs

Dear friends,

Below is a comprehensive list of the use of humans as guinea pigs in biological experiments. Unfortunately, there are no links to confirm the information presented presented. However, having researched this subject quite thoroughly, I can tell you that I have read about almost all of these experiments in reliable books with footnotes providing information on how to verify these facts.

The three books mentioned in the mind control section of our resources list at www.WantToKnow.info/resources#mindcontrol contain most of this information, which you can verify using the relevant footnotes.

Many in the government and military sadly feel no compulsion to inform us of when they use us in experiments. Note that a number of these experiments specifically targeted minorities and those in poor areas. By exposing this information, we can help to build the critical mass necessary to put a stop to all of this. Please help to spread the word.

With very best wishes, Fred Burks for the WantToKnow.info team

History of Experimentation on Human Guinea Pigs

1931 - Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.

1932 - The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been treated.

1935 - The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occurred within poverty-stricken black populations.

1940 - Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.

1942 - Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.

1943 - In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.

1944 - U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.

1945 - Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top
secret government projects in the United States.

1945 - "Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride,
it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name of national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine full-scale production of atomic bombs.

1946 - Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word "experiments" to "investigations" or "observations" whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's hospitals.

1947 - Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.

1947 - The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.

1950 - Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and mortality rates.

1950 - In an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San Francisco. Monitoring devices are situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.

1951 - Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.

1953 - U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.

1953 - Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.

1953 - CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.

1955 - The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.

1956 - U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with yellow fever over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for effects.

1960 - The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the European population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.

1965 - Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through the use of mind-altering drugs.

1965 - Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.

1966 - CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.

1966 - U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.

1967 - CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and chemical weapons.

1968 - CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.

1969 - Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.

1970 - Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.

1970 - United States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.

1975 - The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) . It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).

1977 - Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.

1978 - Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.

1981 - First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine.

1985 - According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.

1986 - According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements, except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural
immunity exists.

1986 - A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.

1987 - Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development of biological agents, it continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and universities
around the nation.

1990 - More than 1500 six-month old black and Hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children was experimental.

1994 - With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production
of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.

1994 - Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included
mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War.

1995 - U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare research.

1995 - Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.

1996 - Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to chemical agents.

1997 - Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.

Note: For more information on these important matters, see our two-page mind control summary at http://www.WantToKnow.info/mindcontrol or even better, the information-packed 10-page summary at http://www.WantToKnow.info/mindcontrol10pg. By informing you friends and colleagues of these little-reported facts, you can help to build the critical mass necessary to force the media to give adequate coverage and stop these abuses. Let us work towards ever greater transparency both in government and in our own personal lives.

Thanks for caring.

See our archive of revealing news articles at
http://www.WantToKnow.info/indexnewsarticles

Linda Bilmes on the cost ($3 tril) of the Iraqi war) plus more

This article is the very best I have seen yet. She is covering ALL the angles for a change.

Bravo!

The other thing about this and the estimated FINANCIAL war costs is that, as Chalmers Johnson points out, is that so much of the costs are hidden in other US government departments other than the Department of Defense - you can not be sure of intel costs, and much gets hidden in the budget of the Energy Department. That's not even counting the costs of the loss of MORALE, which gives much more OOMPH to the cost of the VA, etc .

Complicated issue - and this doesn't cover the costs of the "coalition of the willing" because when those countries economies are looked at the total becomes far greater taken as a whole and it will cost the US that much more AFTER the war is ended to "do business" ..

Very complicated issue and one hard to get to the bottom off.

But hey! Ben and Hank just keep chopping down trees to print more money and take on debt that no one has ANY intention of paying . and who's to pay for reconstruction? The Russians?

Veeger

Linda_Bilmes: Hello this is Linda Bilmes at Harvard University, I'll be chatting today about the full cost of the Iraq war for the next half hour.

more stories like this

orville: The war is paid in debt, right? Is this the same debt that is causing US markets to crash?

Linda_Bilmes: This is the first war that the US has fought what has been entirely financed by borrowing. It is also the first one since the revolutionary war (when the colonies borrowed from france) where we have borrowed heavily from overseas. The effect of all this borrowing is that we have added some $800bn to the national debt, and because we need to repay the money with interest, our children will be paying off the war debt for decades.

Linda_Bilmes: It is important to distinguish between the two decisions that were made: first to invade Iraq, and second, the way we pay for the war. WE have made wrong choices on both.

Linda_Bilmes: The growing national debt shrinks our options for doing things that benefit the economy, and weakens our economy generally.

war: How do you connect the cost of war to the failing US economy?

Linda_Bilmes: The war has contributed to our economic weakness in several ways. First, it is partly responsible for the fact that oil prices have increased. Before we invaded Iraq, oil cost $25 per barrel and the markets expected it to stay at that price range for a decade. The markets expected that supply would increase to meet growing demand. But the war changed that equation. Oil producers, facing uncertainty and volatility in the middle east, did not expand capacity or refining capacity.

Linda_Bilmes: Additionally the debt has weakened the economy. The entire war has been financed by debt -40% to foreign countries.

Linda_Bilmes: Additionally the money we have spent -- currently $12 BIllion per month in Iraq alone -- is not stimulating the US economy because it mostly goes to pay for fuel and laundry and contractors in Iraq and repairs by contractors and transportation costs and other things that don't benefit the US economy.

tblair: Hindsight is 20-20. But how could/should we have known in 2003 that Saddam - a man who had used WMD - did not actually have WMD? That was the key belief that led many to support the war, but nobody seems to be addressing how we learn from that.

Linda_Bilmes: Of course this is an important question. First we need to recall that we were not doing nothing in 2003. We were flying 30,000 sorties a year in the northern and southern Iraq no-fly zones to contain Iraq, and spending at least $10 billion per year on that policy (which was working).

Linda_Bilmes: The question then becomes: why did we RUSH into war, despite the advice of the International Atomic Energy Commission inspectors (who asked for 6 more months to complete their inspections), and the advice of some of our main allies, like France and Germany? You remember that there were arguments that we had to do it in March to avoid keeping troops in the 120 degree heat of summer. The fact was that not enough preparation and analysis was done at the time -- we failed to anticipate or plan for the possibility that the war would go badly and turn into an occupation. Considering all the military expertise that was ignored (people like Colin Powell), this is unforgivable.

overwhelmed: How can the government keep increasing spending on defense and wars, but not on education and helping the poor? At what point will our society collapse?

Linda_Bilmes: You ask an important question. Society has many needs, not only defense. We have epidemics of autism, of Alzheimers, of diabetes in this country (and worldwide) and the US spends almost nothing on funding research for these items. For example, the amount we spend on autism, which affects 1 in every 150 children, is $108 million -- thats what we spend in 4 hours in Iraq.

Linda_Bilmes: But lets look even more specifically at education for our veterans. When my father served in WWII in Japan, afterwards he was able to pay for his whole education on the GI Bill. But today's veterans do not have this opportunity. The amount that we pay only covers about half of tuition costs -- and doesn't pay even a modest cost of living allowance. And the servicemen need to pay $1000 deposit when they first join or they lose the right to get ANY education benefits. This lack of investment in the courageous troops who are fighting is but one example of our misplaced priorities.

quarmire: is there any way to get the UN to share in the costs of iraq? Even though it didn't back the invasion, it has a vested interest in the results....

Linda_Bilmes: The UN doesn't have money. The total UN budget is about $25 billion -- that's what we spend in Iraq and Afghanistan in one month, if you include the costs of caring for veterans and replacing military equipment.

bogie: Is the failing economy Bush's fault? Or just a coincidence? And how does the war tie in?

Linda_Bilmes: When President Bush took office, he had a budget surplus. The following year, the economy slipped, revenues dropped, and then he suddenly faced a deficit. That part of it was out of his control. But since then he has made poor decisions regarding the economy.

Linda_Bilmes: First, he cut taxes on the rich and increased spending as we went to war. In previous wars, the opposite has happened and the public has been forced to sacrifice and tighten its belts. But not this time.

Linda_Bilmes: Then, he made the decision to request ALL the money for the war through "emergency supplemental" appropriations, which is a way to circumvent the normal budget limits. Since this money exceeded the limit, we had to borrow it. And since then, the administration has requested, and Congress has approved, 25 of these supplemental appropriations all financed by debt.

Linda_Bilmes: Adding all this debt, plus interest, to our already bloated deficits has weakened the country considerably. It has not caused the current recession, but it has contributed to it, and it means that now we don't have much capacity in the budget to fix the problem.

55_triob: What did you think about Alan Greenspan's comments that the war was all about oil?

Linda_Bilmes: I do not agree that the war was entirely about oil. But oil is an important consideration in understanding what happened and the consequences.

Linda_Bilmes: At the outset, the administration thought that Iraqi oil revenues would increase to the point where they would pay for the war. Exactly the opposite has happened. Iraqi oil production plummeted, and although it is now higher again, and Iraqi oil revenues have increased due to the rising price of oil, this money is not being used to offset our cost of fighting this war. Some say there is rampant corruption and this money is ending up in Swiss bank accounts. I don't know if thats true or not -- but certainly we are not yet reaping financial benefits from Iraqi oil profits.

Linda_Bilmes: But overall, to the extent we did invade Iraq to protect US oil supplies, the effort has backfired as the war led to increased prices which have transferred money out of the hands of consumers and businesses and put it in the hands of oil producers including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia. Venezuela and Russia.

niceguyeddy: Haven't tax revenues, since the Bush tax cuts, reached all time records due to the stimulus involved?

Linda_Bilmes: People feel like they have received a "tax cut" but this is not accurate, because we have borrowed money to pay for it. Its just like spending more every month and putting it on your credit card. You have more money to spend but where does it come from? And in this case, its like spending more money and putting in on your child's credit card -- so eventually he will get stuck paying it off - plus interest.

hammer_009: With no end in sight to the war, can our economy recover when we continue to spend $3 trillion every five years (or whatever)?

Linda_Bilmes: Luckily we are a wealthy country. Even if our standard of living were to decrease by 5 or 10%, we would still be back to where we were in the 70s and 80s -- still very well off compared to the rest of the country.

Linda_Bilmes: But the country will be saddled with all this extra debt, which will make it more difficult for us to afford things we need -- like roads, bridges, airports, flood controls, schools, and health care. In order for the US to stay preeminent into the future, we need to make long-term investments in these kinds of things, and the war spending and borrowing makes it much much harder to find a way to do this.

Paul_G: Have you read Nir Rosen's article in the Rolling Stone?

http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/18722376/the_myth_of_the_surge

It questions the viability of depending on local Sunni groups who actually want to overthrow the current Iraqi government. Based on this, last month's legislation seems irrelevant.

Linda_Bilmes: I have not read the article. The issue of the US surge, from a financial perspective, is that we will still have 8000 more US troops in Iraq at the end of the surge than we had at the beginning. So the question is how long can we sustain this wear and tear on our forces?

Linda_Bilmes: Already 1.7 million young men and women have been deployed, with one-third of them for 2 or more tours of duty. A tour is 15 months long these days, so some of these troops have been there for 30 months or more. Even in a recent survey of senior military officers, 88% of the officers said that the US forces are under unbearable strain. 60% said our military is now weaker than it was 5 years ago. We know that we have lowered health, education and ethics standards to meet recruiting targets. We are paying captains $150,000 re-enlist bonuses to stay in the Army but we are still losing them fast.

Linda_Bilmes: The real question is how long can we sustain this level of effort and wear and tear on our personnel?

tblair: How do you compare the costs of the alternative that didn't actually happen, i.e. leaving Saddam in power? For example, how much less costly might WWII had been if Britain had prepared earlier in the 1930's like Churchill wanted to?

Linda_Bilmes: In our book we deducted the cost of enforcing the no-fly zones from the cost of war, because arguably the Pentagon has saved this money.

Linda_Bilmes: But the question about preparation is that we didn't do it. We did not prepare militarily, financial, or in terms of veterans care for this war. The lack of preparation, and the fact that the war has gone badly, has led to the incredibly high costs.

we_are_paying: So why are we paying for basic needs for Iraq, when we are not providing them for ourselves? In a recent article we are spending $4.7b for stateside civil projects, $13.4b for Iraq to have basic needs they have not had in 25 years?

http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/feb08/story3.htm

They are not even helping to pay for any of this. All of this money would be better spent for ourselves.

Linda_Bilmes: In terms of our economy, we would be much better off if we invested in roads and schools at home. These have a positive multiplier in our economy.

Linda_Bilmes: In Iraq, much of the money we spend is to pay foreign contractors from the Philippines or Nepal or Sri Lanka to work on construction projects, often in difficult security conditions. Not only does this investment not benefit the US economy, but it also fails to meet our objectives which is to provide employment for unemployed Iraqi men (who may otherwise join insurgency factions). The US contractors in the region have, naturally, a different objective, which is to minimize costs, so they don't have an incentive necessarily to employ local personnel.

Linda_Bilmes: I have to go now - to all interested participants, our book is called "The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict", (co-authored with Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz). The book is available nationwide.